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| | ** install python idle 2.7 – ways to interact with Python: shell + editor | | ** install python idle 2.7 – ways to interact with Python: shell + editor |
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| | [[Anthology]] | | [[Anthology]] |
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| − | # Some Python vocabulary
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| − | ## the string or string object is a MODULE in Python
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| − |
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| − | # A MODULE simply is a file, which contains Python statements.
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| − | Normally among these there are:
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| − | * definition statements -> the execution of the module defines some functions
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| − | * class statements -> the execution of the module defines some classes.
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| − | A module may also contain names (variables) and other directly executable
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| − | Python statements.
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| − | # you can write your own definitions/functions and save them I a file that you can import into another python-file
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| − | # such a document is an external module, called at the beginning of a script using 'import name_module'
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| − | # CLASSES contain METHODS, a series of FUNCTIONS that are part of a class
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| − | # the string-module contains classes with functions that allow you to calculate the length of the sting, slice etc
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| − |
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| − | # Anything in Python can be an OBJECT, because it can be assigned to a variable or can be an argument (input) for a function - OBJECT ORIENTED PROGRAMMING
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| − |
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| − | # an ATTRIBUTE is is a way to move from one object to the other
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| − | # “Apply the power of the almighty dot” - objectname.attributename – and magic!
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| − |
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| − | # !!! to know the attributes of an object: dir()
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| − | # This means the object has a method called __dir__()
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| − | # dir() calls this method and prints the list of attributes
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| − |
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| − | dir(letter)
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| − |
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| − | # choose for example .endswith()
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| − | sentence = "This is so exciting!"
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| − | suffix = "ing!"
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| − | print sentence.endswith(suffix)
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| − | len(sentence)
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| − | print sentence.endswith(suffix,20) -> False
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| − | print sentence.endswith(suffix,16) -> True
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| − | print sentence.endswith(suffix,16,20) -> True
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| − |
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| − | # Exercise: think of formula that gives TRUE for suffix 'is'
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| − | # a long string can be annotated using 3 """ a lot of words """
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| − | # if you have a very long string, you better use:
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| − | very_long_string = (
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| − | "For a long time I used to go to bed early. Etc etc …."
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| − | )
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| − |
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| − | ### From STRINGS to LISTS
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| − |
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| − | # DISADVANTAGE fo STRINGS: they're immutable
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| − | # that is the reason you want to change your string into a list
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| − | sentence.split()
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| − | # and save it as a new variable
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| − | list_words = sentence.split()
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| − |
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| − | # some of the attributes of string can be used for lists
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| − | # Exercise: which previously mentioned attributes function for lists?
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| − |
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| − | # change a list
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| − | list_words[3] = "wtc25"
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| − | print list_words
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| − |
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| − | # remove words
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| − | list_words[2:3] = []
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| − | note: list_words[2] = [] → this removes your 3rd element and replaces it by an empty sublist ('nested list')
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| − |
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| − | # put back words
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| − | list_words[2:3] = ["so", "exciting"]
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| − |
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| − | # you can shorten a list
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| − | list_words[-3:]
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| − | # and save the shortened list into a new variable – the old continues to exist
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| − | yezzzz = list_words[-3:]
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| − |
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| − | # you can combine lists, group two in one
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| − | text = [list_words, yezzzz]
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| − | # and you can call an element of a sublist
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| − | word = text[1][2]
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| − |
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| − | # you can concatenate lists, merge two into one
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| − | print list_words + yezzzz
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| − | poem = list_words + yezzzz
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| − |
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| − | # you can add words to your list
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| − | poem.append("is")
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| − | print poem
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| − |
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| − | # you can sort your list alphabetically
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| − | poem.sort()
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| − |
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| − |
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| − |
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| − | # you transform your list into a string again
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| − | " ".join(poem)
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| − | # detail: the whitespace / try without
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| − | " ".join(poem) + "?"
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| − |
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| − | # you can empty your list // we have a brand new sheet of paper!!
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| − | poem[:] = []
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| − |
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| − |
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| − |
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| − | ### LOOPS & CONDITIONS
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| − |
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| − | # using scripts (modules)
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| − | # shell is ok to try out lines of code, but for longer bits we use script, or module
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| − | # save file as .py
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| − | #!/usr/bin/env python
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| − | # -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
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| − |
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| − |
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| − | # REMIX SONG using STRING, LIST and FOR, IN, IF, WHILE
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| − |
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| − | # Prince, Purple Rain
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| − | song = (
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| − | “I never meant to cause you any sorrow\n
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| − | ”
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| − | “I never meant to cause you any pain
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| − | \n”
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| − | “I only wanted to one time to see you laughing
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| − | \n”
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| − | “I only wanted to see you\n
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| − | ”
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| − | “Laughing in the purple rain
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| − | .”
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| − | )
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| − |
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| − | # transform string in list of words
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| − | song = song.split()
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| − |
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| − | # double all words of list and print again as song
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| − | remix1 = [word*2 for word in song]
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| − | print(" ".join(remix1))
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| − | remix1 = remix1[:16]
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| − | print(" ".join(remix1))
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| − |
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| − | ## FOR, IN, IF
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| − | # rewrite the songs with the words that count more than 4 letters
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| − | remix2 = [word for word in song if len(word) <= 4]
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| − | remix2 = "°*@".join(remix2)
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| − | print(remix2)
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| − |
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| − | # transform all letters of song in lowercaps
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| − | remix2 = remix2.lower()
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| − |
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| − | # Capitalize the song and end with a dot // Hèhè, a new sentence!
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| − | print(remix2.capitalize() + ".")
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| − |
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| − | # print a list of words of the song + next to each word its length
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| − | for word in song:
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| − | print(word, len(word))
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| − |
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| − |
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| − |
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| − |
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| − | # print a list of words of the song + next to each word its position in the sentence
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| − | for position in range(len(song)):
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| − | print position, song[position]
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| − |
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| − | # rewrite song by copying words with r to the beginning of the song
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| − |
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| − | for word in song[:]: # Loop over a copy of the list
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| − | if "r" in word:
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| − | song.insert(0, word)
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| − | print("\n".join(song))
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| − |
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| − | # create an Anaerobe of the song (remove all r's)
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| − | http://oulipo.net/fr/contraintes/anaerobie
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| − | song = [woord.replace("r","") if "r" in word else word for word in song]
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| − | print(song)
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| − | song = " \n".join(song)
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| − |
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| − | # Exercise: remove letter 't' and rewrite song using capitals, comma's and hard returns
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| − |
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| − |
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| − | # WHILE
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| − | # A while loop statement in Python programming language repeatedly executes a target statement
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| − | as long as a given condition is true.
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| − |
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| − | # Print your song 9 times
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| − | amount = 0
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| − | while (amount < 10):
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| − | print(song)
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| − | amount = amount + 1
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| − | else:
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| − | print "Python can also be a printing factory!"
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| − |
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| − | # The reader can decide how many times she would like to see the song
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| − | nbr = raw_input("Give a number :")
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| − | amount = 0
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| − | while (amount < 5):
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| − | print gedicht
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| − | amount = amount + 1
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| − | else:
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| − | print "Python can also be a printing factory!"
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| − |
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| − |
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| − | # write your text to a file
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| − | with open('song.txt', 'a') as f:
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| − | f.write("title song" + "\n" + song)
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| − |
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| − | ### TEXT
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| − |
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| − | # you can print any text file
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| − | # note: in this case the text is in the same folder as the script, otherwise adapt path
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| − | with open('peter_rabbit.txt') as f:
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| − | for line in f:
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| − | print line
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| − |
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| − | # now you can call operations on this text
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| − | new_text = []
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| − | with open('peter_rabbit.txt') as f:
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| − | for line in f:
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| − | for word in line:
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| − | if len(word) >= 5:
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| − | newtext.append(word)
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| − | print(“ “.join(new_text))
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| − |
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| − |
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| − | # remove punctuation
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| − | import string
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| − | def remove_punct(f):
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| − | tokens = (' '.join(line.replace('\n', '') for line in f)).lower()
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| − | for c in string.punctuation:
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| − | tokens= tokens.replace(c," ")
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| − | return tokens
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| − |
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| − | tokens = remove_punct(f)
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| − |
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| − | # random choice & shuffle
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| − | from random import choice, shuffle
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| − | names = [peter, benjamin, flopsy, tod, tom, samuel, pie, ginger, moppet, nutkin, timmy, tailor, johnny, mice, tittlemouse, tiggy, rabbit, jemima, jeremy, robinson, pigling]
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| − |
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| − | def select(names):
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| − | name = choice(names)
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| − | return name
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| − |
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| − | mix = shuffle(names)
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| − |
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| − | # proposal to publish an anthology as a pdf
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| − | * play with search for words in texts with certain suffixes from texts, remove letters
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| − | * write new text to file
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| − |
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| − | * once all files are finished:
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| − | $ cat partfilename* > outputfilename
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| − | $ pandoc input.txt -o output.pdf
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Literary Python for Beginners
LETTER * WORD * SENTENCE
- Introduction to the objects string & list with their different attributes
- uses the shell or integrated development environment
- run python 2.7 – installed by default on all platforms
$ python
>>>
- install python idle 2.7 – ways to interact with Python: shell + editor
# USING STRINGS
A string is a chain of characters / text and can contain any type of characters
A string is defined by " "
* write letter using STRING
>>> "a"
* write several letters
>>> "a, b, c, d"
* write combinations
>>> "a" + "b"
>>> 3
>>> "a" + "and" + "b"
>>> "a" + " and " + "b"
>>> "a" + "+ " + 3 + " is a3" ***
>>> 3*3
>>> "a" + "+ " + "3" + " is a3"
>>> 3 * "algolit" + " in wtc25"
- Exercise: Write 'I write the alphabet 3 times.'
Note: there are always different possible solutions
* write string as variable
- Avoids having to retype your string each time you use it
- You can change values at any time of the writing process
>>> letter = "a"
>>> print letter
>>> word = "algolit"
>>> print word
>>> sentence = "I learn to read and write again at wtc25"
>>> print sentence, letter
- Exercise: print your letter, word, sentence
* add punctuation
>>> print letter + " " + word + " " + sentence + "."
>>> print letter + "! " + word + "? " + sentence + "."
>>> letter = "i"
>>> print letter + "! " + word + "? " + sentence + "."
- Exercise: change content of one of variables, over and over, see how result changes
* calculate!
>>> len(letter)
>>> len(word)
>>> len(sentence)
- we can also consider the letter/word/sentence as fields or grids, in which each letter occupies a specific position
Note: computer starts to count from 0
>>> word[0]
>>> word[3]
- Exercise: what is the middle letter of your sentence?
* Slicing and concatenating strings in order to select letters & compose new words
>>> zin[-1]
>>> word[-2]
>>> word[0:2]
or
>>> word[:2]
- find 3 letters in the middle
>>> word[2:5]
- find from 3rd letter till end
>>> word[2:]
- Exercise: If the word is "solidarity" is, what do you read here?
word[:5] + word[3:]
- Exercise: rewrite the word as 'liquidity', using slicing
* write with capitals
>>> print letter.lower()
>>> print sentence.upper()
* write first word of sentence with capital letter
>>> print sentence.capitalize()
* note the difference
>>> sentence.title()
>>> word.title()
Some_Python_Vocabulary
Loops_and_conditions
Anthology